behind bars by Clare Spinks

Can The Internal Environment of a Prison Promote Learning Amongst Those Confined ?

Can the internal environment of a prison help to promote learning amongst those confined? Abstract Through Gathering information from over social media, interviewing staff working for the prison service, sending out questionnaires to staff teaching in prisons and doing Research online to evaluate how design can affect the learning experiences of people in prison. By focusing on prisons in Britain and abroad, and how the education system currently works in prisons but also how education affects reoffending and inmate behavior in and outside of prison. By linking these factors

together the next step was to see how design could affect the education of inmates, researching prisons in Britain and abroad and focusing on the key design strategies, there philosophies on prison design and what inmates should gain from their experience in prison to see if Design; the internal environment, does affect prisoners education. Through these research techniques it was clear that some prisons abroad, mainly in European countries, took a completely different approach to designing a

prison and the way that it is run. Through looking at the differences in these facilities compared to British prisons It can be seen that there is a missing link between education, rehabilitation and design. Something that the other countriesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; have taken on board and used throughout the design process to improve both the education provided but to also help improve the mental health of inmates. Resulting in noticeably lower reoffending rates allowing some countries to even close prisons due to the lack of prisoners.

Contents:

Abstract. Contents Page. Introduction. Education inside Prisons. The link between Education and prisons reoffending rates. Prison Design in Britain and abroad. The link between Design and education. Other facilities design and how there processes can be used in prison design. Conclusion Bibliography Appendix of images References

Pg. 2 Pg. 3 Pg. 4 Pg. 4-5 Pg. 6-7 Pg. 7-14 Pg. 14-17 Pg. 17-20 Pg. 21 Pg. 22-24 Pg. 25-29 Pg. 30- 35

Can the internal environment of a prison help to promote learning amongst those confined? his magazine will be looking at how the link between education and rehabilitation can be further linked to good design and assist in lowering reoffending rates. Gathering information Through researching the current education system inside prison and focusing on the key contributors effecting reoffending rates in Britain to see the changes that could be made, but also comparing these rates to prisons abroad with a modern, futuristic design and who have a different philosophy of what prisons should achieve. Another important factor is how the public is reacting to both the British justice system and these new, modern day prisons across Europe.

Through evaluating the design differences and education system in Britain and abroad, and looking at other facilitates like schools and colleges to see how there designs have changed to improve interaction, grades and the mental health of their students. By Using these design changes to see how they can be incorporated into older facilities to change them into the modern day prison, in the hope that a change in design can promote learning inside prison.

Education inside prisons Over the last twenty years, the Prisonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s education system has gone from strength to strength; recent

studies by both the ministry of justice and the prisoners education trust have focused on influential factors that affect reoffending rates in Britain. There are many factors affecting these reoffending rates but something that is

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

mentioned across each study for assisting to lower these rates in Britain is education. Through looking closer at British reoffending rates, and comparing

these figures to other countries abroad, as well as education they had another large contributor to their success in lowering these rates, The Design of their facilities.

“Not since the early 1990s has this organisation either felt the need, or taken the opportunity, to take a fresh look at its operating context.”

(Tom Fox,2013) could a radical change of design in British prisons work to reduce reoffending by providing a stronger learning environment. A recent study done by the Prisoners Education Trust, or P.E.T for short looks at the other side of the education system. The study focuses on the prisoners view of the education inside

Figure 3.

prison. Its goal is

to encourage all inmates ‘to make as constructive use as is possible of periods spent in custody.” (P.E.T, 2014) The Trust believes that education “can be the most constructive way to do this”. By encouraging inmates to gain qualifications and skills that can be used to acquire work outside of prison. Although the Trust is aimed at all inmates it mainly focuses on those “serving significant sentences” (P.E.T, 2014)

and inmates that are capable of participating in further education, stating that although “Learning to read and write is very important” (P.E.T, 2014) inmates need the opportunity to progress with their learning to allow them to gain skills that would attract employers. Studies show that “ Higher-level courses reduce reoffending by more that a quarter” (P.E.T, 2014) 30% of the 340 inmates who participated in this study were “serving life and indeterminate sentences”. (P.E.T, 2014) This gives the inmates a long period of time to gain these qualifications. It is prisoners serving short sentences that miss out on programmes like these, because they are aimed at inmates that have already got a basic understanding of subjects like English and maths those who

struggle with illiteracy miss out. 28% of the 340 inmates who participated in this study struggle with “learning difficulties or disabilities” (P.E.T,2014) A massive 66% of this have “received No support” (P.E.T, 2014) to assist them with their learning.

The link between education and prisons reoffending Rates: In January 2014 the BBC publicized a study they had done over the last year for the Ministry of Justice, observing 6000 Inmates for a year after they had been released from prison. 3000 of these prisoners were given access to education and study facilities inside prison, 19% of these 3000 had reoffended within the one year. The other 3000 inmates from the study were not given access

to education or study facilities, 26% of those inmates had reoffended within their first year of being released from prison. The group who participated were studying a variety of courses ranging from university degrees through the open university to GCSE courses. Education courses are reducing reoffending by roughly 8%. When you link this to the amount of money spent to imprison one person for a single year “£37,648” (Patrick house, 2014) compared to the costs of a single course for inmates “£250 a piece” (Patrick house, 2014) the money saved is astonishing. Currently in the UK, there are five key factors

when convicting People to prison, but it is unknown what takes priority. They range from keeping the public safe, to punishing the person

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

at fault, and rehabilitating them. The Ministry of Justice have spent a lot of time evaluating the effectiveness of the prison service as it currently stands. They look again at the prisoner’s point of view and their “experiences and behaviour in prison.” (Ministry of Justice, 2013) Through interviews and data the Ministry of Justice identified “which factors were independently associated with re-offending” (Ministry of justice,

2013) A key factor when looking at contributors to reoffending is Inmates behaviour inside prison, inmates who participated in work, “education, drug and alcohol treatment programmes” (Ministry of justice, 2013) were less likely to reoffend after being released. A similar study also states that education

short sentences who miss out more than other prisoners, they do not get the same benefits from the programmes currently in place as inmates on longer sentences.

Prison design in Britain and abroad.

and training are key factors to reducing reoffending, along

with mental and physical health. “Half of all prisoners are at or below level 1 for reading” (Social Exclusion Unit, 2002) this is the level of education that is expected of a child between the age of 10 and 11. This level of education is below the basic requirements for almost every job available in today’s society. Similarly to the Prisoners Education Trust’s information, this study states that it is usually inmates who are serving

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Prison design is something that until recently was never questioned In the United kingdom, But over the last 10 years it has been brought into the public

eye. With technology developing and more money being spent punishing criminals than ever before it has brought the question of, is our justice system working, to the surface. Currently is Scotland The design in most prisons are standard. Single cells are “7m²”, with a toilet, sink, bed and small storage areas, double cells are much the same, “9m²” with two beds and more storage area but all other appliances are the same, the extras vary from prison to prison Depending on the age or size of the facilities. Saughton prison, in Edinburgh, Scotland’s capital, is one of the oldest prisons in Scotland. It opened in 1920 and is still functioning today it has a maximum “capacity of 950 inmates” (anonymous,2014) with current staff levels. Furthermore when you

have a lower reoffending rate. There design is the most noticeable difference to prisons in Britain. Focusing Figure 8. on Halden prison in Norway there are large shared living rooms for up to ten inmates, set up like dorms. “This is where they watch T.V., eat dinner/breakfast.”( Rajiv Narayan,2013) Inmates get modern Figure 9. day luxuries that a lot of compare this to the people can not afford, Norwegians “forward like game stations and thinking”(Jen ford, flat screened Televisions Facebook, 2014) design but also smaller luxuries we have to ask, could a like getting metal cutlery radical change of design in their private living improve our prisons? quarters, or glass cups Norway has a 6% lower and porcelain plates, rate of Recidivism than something that has been the United kingdom and requested by inmates to although they spend more prison guards in Britain, per year on inmates “A but has been denied year in Halden costs due to “the security risks that they might bring” the state around (anonymous, 2014) £116,000, while the

average cost of a place in the UK is £45,000” (Amelia

Gentleman,2012) they

Norway take the approach that “Everyone who is imprisoned inside

Norwegian prisons will be released” (Amelia Gentleman,2012) and

the prison system has been designed to shape who these people will be when they are released back into society. The staff training is a less noticeable difference

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

but it is arguably just as important. Staff working in British prisons “ Get a few weeks’ training” (Amelia Gentleman, 2012) for working inside prisons In Norway staff have to “completed a two-year university course, with an emphasis on human rights, ethics and the law” (Amelia Gentleman, 2012)

The staff spend a lot

Figure 12.

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of time interacting with prisoners and are encouraged to speak and guide them through their time inside prison.

One other key factor of Norwegian prisons is the thought given to what inmates will be returning to when released. There is a lot of work put into “making sure people have homes and jobs to go to when they leave.’ Halden prison is spoken about more like a rehabilitation centre than prison for criminals. Carefully choosing words like “leave” (Amelia Gentleman, 2012) instead of released, or “people” (Amelia Gentleman, 2012) instead of inmates or prisoners shows a totally different attitude towards the Norwegian prison facilities compared to those in Britain.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

help available. They can apply for financial support from there local council, the Scottish welfare funds or jobseeker’s allowance, The government also offer “useful websites”(GOV,2014) of organisations that

“can provide support for people leaving prison” (GOV, 2014).

Although through social media it can be seen that although these facilities are availed, they are limited and not as helpful Currently in Britain When and some may hope, someone is released from When you compare this to how Norway’s prison prison, there isn’t a lot of

staffs assist inmates, it shows a missing link in the British justice system.

When talking about prisons Leoben is the opposite of every stereotype brought to mind. Built in Austria, Leoben is a courthouse and prison complex all in one, “Whether our imaginations are failing us, or the image of a cell needs a 21st century update, it is evident that the Justizzentrum in Leoben, Austria is not a typical prison.” (ATIMIAN, 2011) Leoben Justice centre is a perfect example of a luxury prison, often referred to as Austria’s 5* Prison its home to 205 inmates. Designed by Architect Joseph Hohensinn, it was completed in 2004. And has been described

to look“ more like a modernist library or office building than a compound for holding 205 inmates” (ATIMIAN, 2011) The building was designed to be open

Figure 17.

Figure 18.

planned and free despite its function. Built with a glass, wood and concrete façade the building stands out from its open surroundings. There are three

courtyards for all inmates to access, and each wing of up to 13 prisoners have their own communal garden area. The cells

each have their own “ private bathrooms, small kitchenettes, and floor-to-ceiling windows” (Oliver Elser

2008). Each cell window opens up on to a small balcony area. Although there is a lot of controversy with this style of prison, which can be seen through social media, there are two clear sides. On one side you have individuals who think that the current justice system in other countries isn’t working, and are open to a new style of prison if it is truly rehabilitating the inmates. On the other side, are the individuals who thing that this style of prison “ will only encourage crime” (Oliver Elser 2008) and that the justice system “needs to be stricter”(Anonymous,

2014). These people see this style of prison as a privilege, and question, “What happened to prison being for punishment” (Oliver Elser 2008) The designer Joseph Hohensinn and the Austrian government are sticking to their statement that the prison is doing its job, and that inmates aren’t reoffending. Designer Joseph Hohensinn has also been defending his style of

prison design saying

“They are criminals, but they are also human beings. The more normal a life you give them here, the less necessary it is to resocialize them when they leave.” (Jim Lewis,

2009) There is a different attitude surrounding the Justizzentrum, an example of this is the way

Figure 19.

that the inmates treat the facility with respect and care, “In the three or four hours we spent roaming all through the place, I hadn’t seen a single example of vandalism” (ATIMIAN, 2011) It could be argued that this is because of the difference in culture and lifestyle between Austria and the United kingdom. When looking at figures from both countries it is noticeable to see that

although Scotland has roughly half of Austria’s population there is a higher crime rate. In between the year 2012 and 2013 the Australian justice system convicted 34,424 people where as the Scottish justice system convicted 59,479 people over the same time period. Another example of this is when looking at the percentages of reoffending rates in Austria compared to American prisons. It can be seen that there is a massive difference between the two countries. Over a 3-year study of which America and Austria were part of, Austria had a

reoffending rate of 23% where as America had a 67% reoffending rate, almost three times more than Austria.

Like most institutions there is a strong link between the inmates and

prisons “Due to lack of prisoners”

(Rajamanickam, 2013) In 2013 alone there were four prisons that were shut down due to lack of inmates. One of the more publicly known prisons is Sollentuna prison in Sweden. Figure 20. Its design, similar to the prison guards. When Leoben, is years ahead these links are strong it’s of anything in Britain clear to see, there are currently. Each inmates “less prisoner misconduct” cell has a comfortable and “less mental health bed and private problems,” (Ryan Jacobs, bathroom, similar to both 2014) occur. Norway and Austria the Recent studies looking Sollentuna prison has at the link between the shared living areas and design of institutions and “ state of the art kitchen” inmates behaviour shows (Rajamanickam, 2013) there is a difference facilities. The main between inmate and staff relations in Dutch prisons compared to the United Kingdom. Sweden are another country that has been plastered over social media and the Internet recently, for shutting

down many of their

Figure 21.

difference between this prison and those in Norway and Austria is that every “ square inch of the prison can be seen on a security camera.” (Rajamanickam, 2013). Inmates in the Sollentuna prison are allowed plenty of soft furnishings, from curtains on their windows to a bookcase full of books, something that inmates in British prisons aren’t allowed. Prisoners in Britain are restricted to having six books in their cell at any one time, there are also restrictions on items like clothing and posters; this is because these items may become a fire hazard. Another difference in furniture is that the Swedish prison has hardwood beds, desks and shelving where as currently in Scotland all furniture is made of MDF or plastic, items that are cheaper and easier to replace if damaged, these

materials are also harder to break into smaller pieces, that could be turned into weapons. Chairs in Scottish prisons are usually injection-molded plastic that are easy to break, this is to avoid inmates barricading their door

Figure 22.

Figure 23.

shut. When you compare this to the Swedish prison Sollentuna, you can see that they have fabric covered wooden chairs that would have screws or nails to hold them together. Through speaking to a prison guard working in one

of Scotland’s prison currently the information on prisons in Britain was shared, when asked about his opinion on the facilities that these foreign countries offer his opinion was that “standards have really slipped” (ANON,2014) and that facilities like these have become a “home away from home for inmates” ( ANON, 2014) He like a lot of comments over social media say

“ What about the victims” (ANON, 2014) how would they feel knowing that someone who has broken the law and harmed or wronged them, is sitting in a cell better than most council homes. New designed prison cells in the UK are “prefabricated” (ANON, 2014) the prison guard described them as being like Lego blocks that get put together on site, with shelves, cupboards and plug sockets already

attached. This shows that there has been a change in the building process of prisons but it also points out that although some aspects of prison design have been evaluated other parts like the main function of a prison, or the process and facilities available to help prisoners, have been missed or fallen short.

The link between design and education.

When looking at the link between design and education inside prisons there was one company that stood out; Learning Works is a Company based Marlborough who focuses on all aspects of education from helping “those with special needs and barriers, to the able, gifted and talented.” (Learning Works, 2014)

Recently Learning Works have been looking at what could be the 21st century prison. So far it has been agreed that the current prison systems “are not working: for the prisoners, staff or the taxpayers”, (Hilary Cottam & co. 2002) and that prisons in Britain are in need of a redesign. Learning works view is that by making changes to the current systems in place that is “Six out of Ten affordable, within reason, prisoners are and implementing a illiterate” (Hilary Cottam “learning regime” (Hilary & co. 2002) Cottam & co. 2002) that is

Figure 24.

effective, it could help to tackle reoffending.

Six out of Ten prisoners reoffend within two years

Figure 25.

education Inmates can struggle to find work, or keep their homes or even stay out of prison. The company question why Britain keeps building larger and larger facilities with little or no change to the design or concept behind them. The government keep pushing more money into building new facilities that don’t offer any new opportunities, they have been designed “for security and control, rather than for the rehabilitation and education” (Hilary Cottam & co. 2002) of inmates.

Figure 26.

They have the same design ideas and thought process as the Norwegian and Austrian prisons that are currently operating. By modernizing the prison system, facilities Available to inmates and designing to promote learning and encourage the process of rehabilitating inmates. Without rehabilitation, or

“For many who pass through the justice system, we are Ineffective and fall short on what we are trying to achieve” (Colin McConnell,2013)

Colin McConnell, the Scottish Prisons Service’s chief executive spoke

out about the SPS’s achievements, but more importantly about the systems flaws. When speaking about the prison system in Scotland McConnell talks about how the system has not been looked at or altered in over twenty years. Over that time period prisons have become out-dated, over crowded and in some opinions inhumane.

“We need not only to ‘up our game’, we need to ‘change our game’.” (Colin McConnell,2013)

Learning Works feel they have a solution to this with there ‘21st century prison’. Their aim is to link the prison with the outside world as much as possible. Designing facilities that mirror colleges, schools and even homes. Their cells have been designed to be fit for purpose, set out like blocks of flats or Houses. “Each

House accommodates a number of cells (here 36 in pairs, 12 per floor over 3 floors) describing a U-shape around a central atrium. “ (Hilary Cottam & co. 2002). Communal areas like games halls; classrooms and parking are all located under ground to make the most of space. By linking education to all of these extra facilities it becomes

Figure 27.

part of the everyday life for the inmates. In Britain the main purpose of a prison has been to “instill punishment” (Niharika Sanyal ,2013) this has

been done in many different ways but one thing that is consistent throughout the world is “depriving inmates of their freedom.” (Niharika Sanyal ,2013) So when designing new facilities security had always been the main priority. To not only keep society safe, but to also provide safe and secure environments for prisoners inside of prison. Over time design has changed but the main purpose of prison had stayed the same, until recently. Over the last 20 years its been shown that “the role of the architecture of prisons” (Niharika Sanyal ,2013) has changed, and although it still has to be secure and safe, it also has to promote rehabilitation and help to provide inmates with qualifications and experience that could allow them to access and gain opportunities outside of prison.

“The minimum criterion of a prison should be that an inmate emerges no worse than when they entered. Instead, there is much data to prove that prisons serve as breeding grounds for further criminal activity.” (Niharika Sanyal ,2013)

HMP Oakwood Opened in April 2012, and even with so many facts and figures showing how the current prison system isn’t working in the UK,“The £150 million complex

Figure 28.

Figure 29.

in South Staffordshire” (Andrea Klettner, 2012) has been designed no differently than any other prisons in the UK. The questionable part is why, when the Ministry of Justice have published so much about how prison design needs to change, and how education Is the key for rehabilitation, would they, being partners in the approach, “endorse the development”(Andrea Klettner, 2012) of such a prison. This question is raised across discussion boards and social media, with one comment saying, “ I See prisons

are still following the 19th century “panopticon” principle”

(someonestolemynick, 2012) With an arguably flawed design to begin with, it looks like things went from “bad to worse”(Unknown, 2012) for HMP Oakwood. Over

the last 2 years there has been a lot of bad press with this prison. It was publicly funded but is privately run by a company named G4S. The cells had been fitted out with the bare minimum, items “such

Figure 30.

as mattresses, pillows, plastic cutlery, etc.” (Anon, 2012) The poorly run prison has resulted in numerous riots and violent outburst from inmates trying to get better conditions and facilities. There have

been “Rooftop protests and other disturbances.” (Alan

Travis, 2014) This is due to poor design and lack of facilities available for inmates to be productive and keep busy. There

are many comments over social media from inmates friends and family complaining about not only the lack of activities and classes but also the treatment of prisoners from staff inside the facility. Something that from looking at the Norwegian prison system can be seen to influence inmate’s behaviour greatly.

Other facilities design and how there processes can be used in prison design. When looking at other facilities that have changed design to improve the education levels and mental health of users, institutions like schools, colleges and universities are leading the way, by constantly updating and evolving to

fit the students needs.

built right on the outskirts of a forest, as is the There are many studies Norwegian and the showing that being close Swedish prison. Another to nature can help “relax thing that they all have and restore the mind” in common is a large (Kathleen Wolf, 2014) and amount of outdoor space all three of the European and inmates are given a prisons, Norwegian, lot more access and free Swedish and Austrian range of these areas. have incorporated this into their design and It has been proven that even into the choice of the “ spaces we live location for the prison. and work in affect us” The Austrian prison is (Peter Barrett, 2013) and although there are large and costly changes that can be made, for example introducing smart boards and modern technologies, the smaller changes that could be made may be Figure 31. the most effective.

“We are likely to find soft colours soothing, clutter distracting and high temperatures soporific” (Peter

Figure 32.

Barrett, 2013) Schools have recently been taking the approach of spending

little and making small changes that will in turn contribute to change by making a big difference to their students learning environments, engagement and grades. The key changes made to school design recently are “light, choice for the user, flexibility, connections (such as corridors and the way different areas fit together), complexity (for instance having different types of learning areas) and colour” (Peter Barrett, 2013). These are all factors that can be easily changed with little expense to the institution. The key factor in revolutionizing the designs of prison is to provide as normal an environment as possible, to reduce the need to recivilise inmates after they have been released from prison. By creating a learning environment that mirrors colleges or universities to allow an

easy transition back into every day life. “Embedding technology into learning and teaching spaces is likely to be an evolutionary process” (Sarah Knight, 2006) The struggle with that when focusing on prison design is the link that modern technology gives between inmates and the outside world. The Internet is something so commonly used

Figure 33.

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Figure 35.

worldwide but it is denied to inmates in prison, mainly because it is a means of communication that cannot be monitored by prison guards. However there are many alternatives like smart boards or image projection; these are both products that are used widely in schools and universities. Another area inside of learning institutions, like schools or colleges, is social spaces. “Well-designed social spaces are likely to increase students’ motivation and may even have an impact on their ability to learn”(Sarah Knight, 2006). By providing strong social spaces that students

can go to relax, work in groups, use for informal learning or even to have lunch, it can have a massive impact on both social skills and their learning experience. Like the link to the outdoors and nature, group social spaces are something that the Norwegian, Austrian and Swedish prison have all incorporated into their design. All three prisons have shared living areas and kitchen facilities for small groups between 10 and 15 inmates to share, encouraging social interaction between inmates. This is again something that is lacking in British prisons. Besides shared cells there is no time inside their cell block

Figure 36.

its own television, given the opportunity to sit on the foam mattress and watch TV, compared to sitting on an injectionmolded chair facing the white wall its easy to imagine how they spend their time. Each cell has a small window to let in natural light; in new build prisons in Britain the windows Figure 37. have a ventilation duct that prisoners can interact in the window, where as socially, although the cell older facilities have their blocks have seating in windows in 5 sections the main corridor there is where one section would a lack of group rooms for open slightly. These shared activities. spaces are almost the When looking at all the opposite of what has factors associated with been described as an encouraging good mental encouraging learning health and learning, like environment. control of natural light, a When you compare this link to nature, colour and to a cell inside Halden stimulus, and then looking prison in Norway its polar at prison cells in the UK, opposites. Each cell in it shows another clear Halden prison has a large missing link. There are window looking out on to little to no soft furnishings the courtyard. With modmaking studying inside ern furnishings and a fabof inmateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cells difficult ric covered padded seat and uncomfortable. Each facing out of the window. prison cell in Britain has

There are built in shutters to control the natural light coming into the room, the bathrooms are modern, clean and most of all private, with a wet room style design the inmates get their own shower inside the cells, something that is a lot less common in Britain.

Figure 38.

Figure 39.

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From looking at the prisons across Europe, the facilities that have taken these modern ideas for prison design and function are those who are being able to close their prisons. Resulting in the countries reoffending rates decreasing over the years that these facilities have been open. Even though their education system isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t too different from British facilities, the designs and process of incarceration are years apart, there is a very clear difference in not only the design but the philosophy that these

modern day prisons have, that rehabilitation is key. They are achieving this by providing environments that have been proven to not only encourage learning but to improve the mental and physical health of those who are entering their prison system. Although the public are very split over social media to whether this method of incarceration will truly rehabilitate inmates or make matters worse, all three countries have lower reoffending rates now than ever before, Sweden have

been able to close four prisons in 2013 alone. Furthermore when you link this to all the studies showing how education is key to reducing reoffending its easy to say that the answer to the question, can the internal environment help to promote learning amongst those confined is Yes. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s clear to see that rehabilitation is possible, and education alongside a strong design are the key factors to achieve this, but whether this style of design would work in Britain is still unknown.

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http://www.sps.gov.uk/nmsruntime/ saveasdialog.aspx?lID=2127&sID=1395 http://www.statista.com/statistics/263741/total-population-in-austria/ http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/may/18/halden-most-humaneprison-in-world http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/feb/25/norwegian-prison-inmates-treated-like-people

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/243718/evidence-reduce-reoffending.pdf http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISClearningspaces.pdf

http://behavioradvisor.com/ClassroomDesign.html http://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/ Thm_Mental.

http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/nov/26/prison-sweden-not-pun- http://edr.sagepub.com/content/34/3/3 ishment-nils-oberg http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ http://www.upworthy.com/a-former-usarticle/pii/S0360132312002582 prison-chief-visits-a-norwegian-jail-hecannot-believe-what-he-sees?c=ufb1 http://www.theguardian.com/teachernetwork/2013/apr/25/changing-classhttps://abluteau.wordpress. room-environment-improve-learning com/2009/06/14/behind-bars-sort-of/ http://www.theatlantic.com/international/ https://www.facebook.com/Upworthy/ archive/2013/09/why-scandinavian-prisposts/879229662117893 ons-are-superior/279949/ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/261620/re-offending-release-waves1-3-spcr-findings.pdf

http://www.ontheinside.org.uk/youngpeople/information/in-prison.aspx http://ldmg.org.uk/survival_guide_to_ prison.pdf

Appendix of images Figure 1 - P.E.T, (2014), mage Lisa Ormondy and Lisa Williams in class [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.prisonerseducation.org.uk/stories/kristenback-with-her-family-and-off-drugs [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 2 -Michele Alperin, (2008), Prison Instruction: A Respite from Isolation [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www. princetoninfo.com/index.php/component/ us1more/?key=12-23-2008%20Prison [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 3 -P.E.T, (2014), Resized student considering uni study2 [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.prisonerseducation. org.uk/news/prisoners-views-of-education-new-report [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 4 - Brigadier Hugh Monro CBE, (2011), Textiles – A textile workshop in HMP Kilmarnock [ONLINE]. Available at: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q=cache:Bwr4akw-MR0J:www. scotland.gov.uk/publications/2012/09/ 9327/1+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 5 - Brigadier Hugh Monro CBE,

(2011), Bike repairs – one of the practical skills taught in workshops held at HMP and YOI Cornton Vale [ONLINE]. Available at: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Bwr4akw-MR0J:www.scotland.gov.uk/ publications/2012/09/9327/1+&cd=11&h l=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 6 – Scottish prison service, (2012), A Hall Closing 010 [photograph; inside saughton prison, A hall.] Figure 7 - Scottish prison service, (2012), A Hall Closing 013 [photograph; inside saughton prison, A hall.] Figure 8 -Unknown, (2010), The landscaped prison grounds surrounding the institution [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1277158/Halden-Prison-Inside-Norways-posh-new-jail.html[Accessed 09 December 14] Figure 9 - Jennifer Leung, (2014), Open Kitchen and dinning Area [ONLINE]. Available at:http://designandviolence. moma.org/halden-prison-erik-mollerarchitects-hlm-architects/ [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 10 - Unknown, (2010), Home

away from home: [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1277158/Halden-Prison-Inside-Norways-posh-new-jail.html[Accessed 09 December 14]. Figure 11 - Trond Isaksen, (2010), halden prison [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.e-architect.co.uk/norway/ halden-prison [Accessed 08 December 14]. Figure 12 - Alex Masi , (2010), Halden_ Luxury_Prison_Norway_034 [ONLINE]. Available at:http://alexmasi.photoshelter. com/gallery-image/Halden-Prison-Luxury-detention-in-Norway/G0000.pWT7uxO5qE/I00009GRgSFH.EQA [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 13 - Alex Masi, (2010), Halden prison Norway [ONLINE]. Available at:http://izismile.com/2012/06/29/luxurious_prison_in_norway_46_pics-27.html [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 14 - Greta Rybus, (2012), Gughi-Fassino [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.featureshoot.com/2012/10/alook-inside-norways-poshest-prison/ [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 15 -Brigadier Hugh Monro CBE,, (2011), Vocational training at HMP Dum-

fries – in a British Institute of Cleaning Science (BICS) training workshop [ONLINE]. Available at:http://webcache. googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Bwr4akw-MR0J:www.scotland. gov.uk/publications/2012/09/9327/1+&c d=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 16 -Brigadier Hugh Monro CBE,, (2011), Vocational training at HMP Barlinnie – where skills such as joinery can be learned [ONLINE]. Available at: http://webcache.googleusercontent. com/search?q=cache:Bwr4akw-MR0J:www.scotland.gov.uk/publications/ 2012/09/9327/1+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 17 - unknown, (2009), ‘5 star prison’Justizzentrum Leoben [ONLINE]. Available at:http://izismile. com/2009/03/16/i5_stars_prison_justizzentrum_leoben_34_pics.html [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 18 - unknown, (2009), ‘5 star prison’Justizzentrum Leoben [ONLINE]. Available at:http://izismile. com/2009/03/16/i5_stars_prison_justizzentrum_leoben_34_pics.html [Accessed 11 December 14].

Figure 19 - unknown, (2009), ‘5 star prison’Justizzentrum Leoben [ONLINE]. Available at:http://izismile. com/2009/03/16/i5_stars_prison_justizzentrum_leoben_34_pics.html [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 20 - izismile, (2009), “5 stars prison” Justizzentrum Leoben [ONLINE]. Available at:http://izismile. com/2009/03/16/i5_stars_prison_justizzentrum_leoben_34_pics.html [Accessed 19 November 14].

Figure 21 - Taslima Nasreen, (2013), swedish prison Sollentuna [ONLINE]. Available at:http://freethoughtblogs.com/ taslima/2013/12/04/sweden-is-closingits-prisons-what-about-a-prisonlessworld/ [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 22 - Taslima Nasreen, (2013), Swedish prison cell. [ONLINE]. Available at:http://freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/2013/12/04/sweden-is-closing-itsprisons-what-about-a-prisonless-world/ [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 23 - Taslima Nasreen, (2013), Swedish prison cell. [ONLINE]. Available at:http://freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/2013/12/04/sweden-is-closing-its-

prisons-what-about-a-prisonless-world/ [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 24 - Hilary Cottam, (2002), 21st century prison [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.participle.net/images/uploads/Learning_Works.pdf [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 25 - Hilary Cottam, (2002), 21st century prison [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.participle.net/images/uploads/Learning_Works.pdf [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 26 - Hilary Cottam, (2002), 21st century prison [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.participle.net/images/uploads/Learning_Works.pdf [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 27 - Hilary Cottam, (2002), 21st century prison [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.participle.net/images/uploads/Learning_Works.pdf [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 28 – unknown, (2013), HMP Oakwood [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.expressandstar.com/ news/2012/05/19/through-keyhole-ofmidlands-200m-new-superprison/jail1/ [Accessed 11 December 14].

Figure 29 - unknown, (2012), one of the cells in the prison [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.expressandstar.com/ news/2012/05/19/through-keyhole-ofmidlands-200m-new-superprison/jail1/ [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 30 - unknown, (2013), HMP Oakwood prisoners stage rooftop protest [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-25122622 [Accessed 11 December 14]. Figure 31 - Trond Isaksen, (2010), halden prison [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.e-architect.co.uk/norway/ halden-prison [Accessed 08 December 14].

cessed 11 December 14]. Figure 34 - izismile, (2009), “5 stars prison” Justizzentrum Leoben [ONLINE]. Available at:http://izismile. com/2009/03/16/i5_stars_prison_justizzentrum_leoben_34_pics.html [Accessed 19 November 14]. Figure 35 - Brigadier Hugh Monro CBE,, (2011), Vocational training at HMP Dumfries – computer skills (BICS) training workshop [ONLINE]. Available at:http://webcache.googleusercontent. com/search?q=cache:Bwr4akw-MR0J:www.scotland.gov.uk/publications/ 2012/09/9327/1+&cd=11&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk [Accessed 11 December 14].

Figure 36 - Scottish prison service, (2012), East wing, level 2 east facing. Figure 32 - Alfred Seiland, (2009), Leo- [photograph; inside saughton prison, ben Prison [ONLINE]. Available at:http:// east wing inglestion.] spaceinvading.com/entry/project_id/ Leoben_prison200906141245009195 Figure 37 - Scottish prison service, [Accessed 08 December 14]. (2012), single cell interior. [photograph; inside saughton prison, east wing inFigure 33 - Nancy Durham, (2007), glestion- single cell, new block.] Inmates will be taught the Saudi government-approved version of the Koran Figure 38 - - Unknown, (2010), Home in this prison classroom. [ONLINE]. away from home: [ONLINE]. Available Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ at:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/artiuk-england-birmingham-25122622 [Ac- cle-1277158/Halden-Prison-Inside-Nor-

ways-posh-new-jail.html[Accessed 09 December 14]. Figure 39 - Unknown, (2010), Home away from home: [ONLINE]. Available at:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1277158/Halden-Prison-Inside-Norways-posh-new-jail.html[Accessed 09 December 14]. Figure 40 - rediff, (2011), The wellstocked library at Halden contains not only books but magazines, CDs, and DVDs[ONLINE]. Available at: http:// www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slideshow-1-inside-norway-luxurious-haldenjail/20110729.htm#10 [Accessed 11 December 14].

Front Cover Refference: Back Cover Refference: Figure1 - Unknown, (2010), Banksystyle [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1277158/ Halden-Prison-Inside-Norways-poshnew-jail.html [Accessed 09 December 14].

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Figure 1.

Clare Spinks Interior Design

Year 4

http://issuu.com/clarespinks/docs/clare_spinks_behind_bars